Verb + ing

UNIT 51  Verb + ing

A.   dislike       admit          consider          miss                postpone                  stop  
        enjoy        finish           mind             imagine              deny                     involve 
          risk       practice         avoid               delay               suggest                   regret


If these verbs are followed by another verb, the structure is usually verb + -ing

• Stop talking!

• I'll do the shopping when I've finished cleaning the apartment.

• I don't miss working late every night.

• Have you ever considered going to live in another country?

• I can't imagine George riding a motorcycle.

• When I'm on vacation, enjoy not having to get up early.

The following expressions also take -ing:

give up (= stop)          keep or keep on (= do something  continuously or repeatedly)

go on (= a continue)    put off (= postpone)
                      

• Are you going to give up smoking?

• He kept (on) interrupting me while I was speaking.

Note the passive form (being done/being seen/being told, etc.)

• I don't mind being told what to do.

You cannot normally use the infinitive (to do, to dance, etc.) after these verbs and expressions:

• I enjoy dancing. (not to dance)

• Would you mind closing the door? (not to close)

• Jill suggested going to the movies (not to go)

B.   When you are talking about finished actions, you can also say having done/having stolen, etc. But it is not necessary to use this form. You can also use the simple -ing form for finished actions:

• He admitted stealing (or having stolen) the money.

• They now regret getting (or having gotten) married.

C.   With some of the verbs in this unit (especially admit, deny, regret, and suggest) you can also use a that . . . structure:

• He denied that he had stolen the money. (or denied stealing)

• Jill suggested that go to the movies. (or suggested going

Tag questions Exercises

UNIT 50  Tag questions Exercises

50.1   Put a tag question on the end of each sentence.

Examples: Tom won't be late, will he?           They were very angry, weren't they?

1. Ann's on vacation,___________?                           9. There are a lot of people here,_________?
2. You weren't listening,____________?                   10. Let's have dinner,_______________?
3. Sue doesn't like onions,____________?                11. This isn't very interesting,_____________?
4. Jack applied for the job,__________?                   12. I'm too fat,___________?
5. You have a camera,_____________?                    13. You wouldn't tell anyone,____________?
6. You can type,_____________?                             14. gotten angry,____________?
7. He won't mind if leave early,____________?       15. They had to go home,____________?
8. Tom could help you,______________?                16. He'd never seen you before,____________?



50.2   Read the situation and then write a sentence with a tag question. In each example you are askig your listener to agree with you.

Example: You are with a friend outside a restaurant. You are looking at the prices. It's very expensive. What do you say? It's very expensive, isn't it?

l.   You look out of the window. It's a beautiful day. What do you say to your friend? It's__________________________________

2.   You've just come out of a movie theater with your friend. You both really enjoyed the movie. You thought it was great. What do you say?     The movie_________________________________

3.   Bob's hair is much shorter. Clearly he has had his hair cut. What do you say to him?
You__________________________________

4.   You are shopping. You are trying on a jacket. You look in the mirror: it doesn't look very good. What do you say to your friend? It__________________________

5.   You are talking about Bill. You know that Bill works very hard. Everyone knows this. What do you say about Bill? Bill_________________________________
                      

50.3   In these situations you are asking people for information, asking people to do things, etc.

Example: You want a cigarette. Perhaps Tom has one. Ask him.
Tom, you don't have a cigarette, do you?

1.   Jack is just going out. You want him to get some stamps. Ask him,
Jack, you couldn't__________________________________________

2.   You're looking for Ann. Perhaps Alan knows where she is. Ask him
Alan, you_________________________________________________

3.   You need some paper. Perhaps Tom has some. Ask him.
Tom,_____________________________________________________

4.   Ann has a car, and you don't want to walk home. You want her to give you a lift. Ask her.
Ann,_____________________________________________________

5.   You're looking for your purse. Perhaps Liz has seen it. Ask her.
_________________________________________________________

Tag questions

UNIT 50  Tag questions (are you? doesn't he?, etc.)

A.   You're not working late, are you?                     It was a good film, wasn't it?

Are you? and wasn't it? are tag questions (= mini-questions that we put on the end of a sentence), In tag questions we use the auxiliary verb. For the present and past use do/does/did:   They came by car, didn't they?


B.   Normally we use a positive tag question with a negative sentence:

negative sentence  +   positive tag

Tom won't be late,        will he?

They don't like us,        do they?

That isn't George over there,  is it?


And normally we use a negative tag question with a positive sentence:

positive sentence   +   negative tag

Ann will be here soon,   won't she?

Tom should pass his exam,   shouldn't he?

They were very angry,      weren't they?                      


Notice the meaning of yes and no in answers to tag questions:

                                                                             { Yes. (= I am going)

• You're not going to work today, are you? {

                                                                             {No. (= I'm not going)


C.   The meaning of a tag question depends on how you say it. If the voice goes down you aren't really asking a question; you are only asking the other person to agree with you:

• "Tom doesn't look very well today, does he?''    ''No, he looks awful.''

• She's very attractive. She beautiful eyes, doesn't she?

But if the voice goes up, it is a real question:

• "You haven't seen Ann today, have you?"   "No, I'm afraid I haven't.'' (= Have you seen Ann today?)

We often use a negative sentence positive tag to ask for things or information, or to ask someone to do something. The voice goes up at the end of the tag in sentences like these:

• "You wouldn't have a cigarette, would you?"  ''Yes, here you are.''

• "You couldn't do me a favor, could you?''  ''It depends what it is.''

• "You don't know where Ann is, do you?"   ''Sorry, I have no idea.''

D.   After Let's . . . the tag question is shall we?:

• Let's go out for a walk, shall we?

After the imperative (do/don't do something) the tag is will you?

• Open the door, will you?

Notice that we say aren't I? (= am I not)

• I'm late, aren't I?

Auxiliary verbs in short answers/question

UNIT 49  Auxiliary verbs in short answers/question  Exercises

49.1   You are talking to someone. Answer him or her in the way shown.

Examples: I'm hungry.  Are you I'm not
I'm not tired.  Aren't you? I am

1.   I like Brian. ________________________________________

2.   I can't ride a horse. ______________________________________

3.   I have plenty of friends. __________________________________________

4.   I didn't enjoy the movie very much. _________________________________________

5.   I'd get married if I were Tom. ______________________________________________

6.   I don't like living in the city. _______________________________________________

7.   I'm not going to have anything to eat. __________________________________________

8.   I've never been to Korea. Hewry. ______________________________________________

9.   I thought the exam was easy. _________________________________________________


49.2   You are talking to a friend. You both have the same ideas, taste, etc. Use So . . . or Neither . . . each time.

Examples: I'm feeling tired. So am I.                       I don't like eggs. Neitner do I



1.   I need a vacation. __________________

2.   I don't like milk. ___________________

3.   I couldn't get up this morning. _______________

4.   I'd love a cup of tea. _____________________

5.   I've never been to Africa. __________________

6.   I was sick yesterday. ___________________

7.   I should smoke less. __________________

8.   I spent the whole evening watching television. ________________

9.   I didn't know that Ann was in the hospital. ___________________

49.3   You are each conversation. Read the information in parentheses then answer with I think so, I hope not, etc.

Example: (You hate rain.)        A: Is it going to rain?             B: (hope) I hope not

1.   You need more money quickly.)
A: Do you think you'll get a raise soon?        B: (hope)______________________

2.   (You think Tom will probably get the job he applied for.)
A: Do you think Tom will get the job?       B:(guess)_______________________

3.   (You're not sure whether Jill is married probably not.)
A: Is Jill married?       B: (think)___________________________

4.   (You don't have any money.)
A: Can you lend me some money?        B: (afraid)___________________

5.   (Your friend's sister has been badly injured in an accident.)
A: Is she badly injured?        B: (afraid)__________________

6.   (Ann normally works every day, Monday to Friday-tomorrow is Wednesday.)
A: Is Ann working?        B: (guess)___________________

7.   (You're in a hurry to catch your train it's important that you don't miss it.)
A: Do you think we're going to miss the train?          B: (hope) __________________

8.   (You're not sure, but the concert probably begins at 7:30.)
A: Does the concert begin at 7:30?         B: (think)___________________

Auxiliary verbs in short answers/questions,etc

U N I T 49 Auxiliary verbs in short answers/questions, etc.: So, Neither am I, etc.

A.   Can you swim?                      I have lost my key                   He might not come.

In these sentences can, have and might are auxiliary (= helping) verbs.

We often use auxiliary verbs when we don't want to repeat something:

• "Are you working tomorrow?"   "Yes, I am (= I am working tomorrow)

• He could lend the money, but he won't (= he won't lend us the money)

Use do/does/did for simple present and past short answers:

"Does he smoke?''     ''He did, but he doesn't anymore''

B.   We use auxiliary verbs in short questions:

• "It rained every day during our vacation''   ''Did it?''

• "Ann isn't feeling very well today.''   ''Oh, isn't she?"

• "I've just seen Tom.''    ''Oh, have you? How is he?

These short questions (Did it?, isn't she?, have you?) are not real questions. We use them to show polite interest in what someone has said, and they help to keep the conversation going

Sometimes we use short questions to show surprise:

''Jim and Sue are getting married''    "Are they? Really?"                      


C.   We also use auxiliary verbs with so and neither

• "I'm feeling tired.''  ''So am I .'' (= I am feeling tired too)

• "I never read newspapers.''  ''Neither do I.''  (= I never read them either)

Note the word order after so and neither (verb before subject):

I passed the exam and so did Tom, (not so Tom did)

Nor can be used instead of neither:

"I can't remember her name''   ''Nor can I. /Neither can I.''

Not . . . either can be used instead of neither and nor:

"I don't have any money''   ''Neither do I." or "I don't either.''


D.   I think so/hope so, etc

We use so in this way after a number of verbs, especially think, hope, guess, suppose, and I'm afraid:

• ''Is she Canadian?''   ''I think so.''

• ''Will Eric come?"   ''I guess so."

• ''Has Ann been invited to the party?''   "I suppose so."

The negative form depends on the verb:

I think so ------- I don't think so
I hope so/I'm afraid so ----------- hope not/I'm afraid not
I guess -------- I guess not
I suppose so --------- I don't suppose so or I suppose not

• ''Is she Italian?''  ''I don't think so.''

• ''Is it going to rain?''   "I hope not. (not I don't hope so)

• ''Are you going to drive in this snowstorm?''   ''I guess not.''

Question (2) Exercises

UNIT 48 Question (2) Exercises

48.1    Make a new sentence from these questions.

Example: Where has Tom gone? Do you know Where Tom has gone?

1.   Where is the post office? Could you tell me____________________________________?

2.   What does this word mean? Do you know______________________________________?

3.   What time is it? I wonder___________________________________________________?

4.   Where did you park your car? Can't you remember_______________________________?

5.   Is Ann coming to the meeting? I don't know_____________________________________?

6.   Where does Jack live? Do you have any idea____________________________________?

7.   What time did he leave? Do you know_________________________________________?

8.   Where can I change some money? Could you tell me______________________________?

10.   Why didn't Mary come to the party? I don't know_________________________________?

11.   How much does it cost to park here? Do you know_________________________________?


48.2   You are making a phone call. You want to speak to Sue, but she isn't there. Someone else answers the phone. You want to know three things: (1) Where has she gone? (2) When will she be back? and (3) Did she go out alone? Complete the conversation:


1.   "Do you know_______________________________?''   ''Sorry. I have no idea.''

2.   "Never mind. I don't suppose you know__________________________''   ''No I'm afraid I don't."

3. "One more thing. Do you happen to know__________________________?  "I'm afraid I didn't see her go out."                      


48.3   You have been away for a while and have just come back to your hometown. You meet Jerry, a friend of yours. He asks you lots of questions:

1.   How are you?

2.   How long have you been back?

3.   What are you doing now?

4.   Where are you living?

5.   Are you glad to be back?

6.   Are you going away again?

7.   Why did you come back?

8.   Do you still smoke?

9.   Can you come to dinner on Friday?

Now you tell another friend what Jerry asked you. Use reported speech.

1.   He asked me how was.

2.   He asked me_____________________________________

3.   He asked________________________________________

4.   He_____________________________________________

5.   _______________________________________________

6.   _______________________________________________

7.   _______________________________________________

8.   _______________________________________________

9.   _______________________________________________

Questions (2) (Do you know where ...?/He asked me where . . .)

UNIT 48 Questions (2) (Do you know where ...?/He asked me where . . .)

A.   When we ask people for information, we sometimes begin our question with Do you know . . . ? or Could you tell me . . . ? If you begin a question in this way, the word order is different from the word order in a simple question:
                          Where has Tom gone?          (Simple question)
Compare
                  Do you know where Tom has gone?

When the question (Where has Tom gone?) is part of a bigger sentence (Do you know . . . ), it loses the normal question word order. Compare:

• When will Ann arrive?                       Do you have any idea when Ann will arrive?

• What time is it?                                    Could you tell me what time it is?

• Why are you laughing?                      Tell us why you are laughing.

Be careful with do/does/did questions:

• When does the movie begin?           Do you know when the movie begins?

•  Why did Ann leave early?                I wonder why Ann left early?

Use if or whether when there is no other question word:

• Did he see you?                         Do you know if (or whether) he saw you?                        

B.   The same changes in word order happen in reported questions:


direct          The police officer said to us, "Where are you going?

reported      The police officer asked us where we were going.

direct           Tom said, "What time do the banks close?

reported       Tom wanted to know what time the banks closed.



In reported questions the verb usually changes to the past (were, closed).

Now study these examples. Here are some questions you were asked at a job interview:

Are you presently employed?

How long have you been working in your present job?

What do you do in your spare time

Why did you apply for the job?

Can you type?

Do you have a driver's license?


Now you tell a friend (in reported speech) what the interviewer asked you:

• She asked (me) if I was presently employed.

• She asked whether (or if) I had a driver's license.

• She wanted to know whether (or if) I could type.

• She wanted to know how long I had been working in my present job.

• She asked (me) what I did in my spare time.

• She asked (me) why I had applied for the job (or why I applied)

Question (1) Exercises

UNIT 47 Question (1) Exercises

47.1   Ask questions about Ed and Liz.

Example: (Ed and Liz/be/married?) Are Ed and Luiz married?  "Yes, they are''

1.   (where/Ed and Liz live?)____________________________ ''In Detroit.''

2.   (how long/they/be/married?)__________________________________ ''15 years.''

3.   (what/Liz do for a living?) _______________________________________"She's a math teacher

4.   (she/like being a teacher?)_________________________________________''Yes, she does.''

5.   (What/Ed do for a living?)_______________________________________''He's a police officer.''

6.   (he/enjoy his job?)_____________________________________________''Yes, very much.''

7.   (he/arrest anyone yesterday?)_______________________________________________ ''No.''

8.   (they/have/a car?) ______________________________________________________ ''Yes''

9.   (when/they/buy it?)____________________________________________________"A year ago''

10.   (they/go/on vacation next summer?) _________________________________________''Yes.''

11.   (where/they/go?)__________________________________________________''to Florida''


47.2   This time make questions with who or what.

Examples: Somebody hit me "Who hit you?''
I hit somebody "Who did you hit?''

l.   ''Something happened.''  "What_________________________________?''

2.   ''Someone lives in that house.''   "Who___________________________________?''

3.   "Somebody gave me this key''   "Who_______________________________________?''

4.   ''Henry gave me something.''    ''What_______________________________________?''

5.   ''Tom meets someone every day''    "Who_______________________________________?''

6.   "I fell over something''    ''What______________________________________________?''

7.   ''Something fell on the floor.''    ''What________________________________________?''

8.   "This word means something''   ''What________________________________________?''                      

47.3   Make negative questions. Each time you are surprised.

Example: "We won't see Ann this evening.'' Oh! (she/not/come to the party tonight?)''
Isn't she coming to the party tonight?

1.   "I hope we don't meet Brian tonight.''  "Why? (you /not/like him?)''________________________

2.   ''I'll have to borrow some money.'' ''Why? (you /not/have/any?)''__________________________

3.   "Don't go and see that movie'' "Why? (it/not/be/good?)''________________________________


47.4   Make negative questions with "Why . . . ?''

Examples: (I didn't lock the door.) Why didn't you lock the door?
(Mary wasn't invited to the party.) Why wasn't Mary invited to the party?

1.   (I don't like George.)_____________________you______________________________?

2.   (Jim wasn't at work today.) Why_____________________________________________?

3.   (I'm not ready yet.) Why______________________________________________________?

4.   (Sue doesn't eat fruit.)________________________________________________________?

5.   (Maria can't come to the meeting.)________________________________________________?

Questions (1)

UNIT 47 Questions (1)

A.   We usually make questions by changing the word order: we put the auxiliary verb (AV) before the subject (S): S  + AV              AV + S
                   It      is     ---        is     it?           Is it raining?

                 You    can  ---      can   you?          When can you come and see us?
               
                 Tom   has  ---      Has   Tom?         Where has Tom gone?

We make questions with the verb be in the same way:

                 they   were  ---     were they?           Were they surprised?

B.   In simple present questions use do/does:

• Do you like music? (not like you)      

• Do you have a light?

• Where does Jack live? (not where lives Jack)

In simple past questions use did:

• When did they get married? (not when got they)

• Why did Ann sell her car? (not why sold Ann

• Did you have a good time?

But be careful with who/what/which questions. If who/what/which is the subject of the sentence, do not use do/does/did. Compare:

who is the object                                        who is the subject

Ann telephoned someone                            Someone telephoned Ann

Who did Ann telephone?                             Who telephoned Ann?                      


In these examples who/what/which is the subject

• Who wants something to eat? (not who does want)

• Who invented the steam engine? (not who did invent)

• What happened to you last night? (not what did happen) 

• Which switch operates this machine? (not which switch does operate)

C.   We use negative questions especially:
To show surprise:

• Didn't you hear the bell? I rang it four times.

In exclamations:

• Doesn't that dress look nice! (= that dress looks nice)

When we expect the listener to agree with us:

• ''Haven't we met somewhere before?" "Yes, I think we have."

Notice the meaning of yes and no in answers to negative questions:

Didn't Dave pass his exams? Yes. (=Yes, he passed them
                                                 No. (=No, he didn't pass them.)

Note the word order in negative questions with Why . . . ? :

• Why didn't you lock the door? (not why you didn't lock)

• Why don't we go out to eat? (not why we don't go)

• Why can't you help me? (not why you can't help me)

• Why wasn't Mary invited to the party? (not why Mary wasn't)

Report Speech (2) Exercises

UNIT 46  Report Speech (2) Exercises

46.1   Write what you would say in these situations.

Example: Ann says, "I'm tired." Five minutes later she says, "Let's play tennis.'' What do you say? .you said you were tired

1.   Your friend says, "I'm hungry," so you go to a restaurant. When you get there he says, "I don't want to eat.'' What do you say?   ''You said____________________________________________''

2.   Tom tells you, "Ann has gone away."  Later that day you meet her. What do you say?
''You said___________________________________________________''

3.   George said, "I don't smoke'' A few days later you see himsmoking a cigarette. What do you say to him?   "You said______________________________________________________''

4.   You arranged to meet Jack. He said, "I won't be late." At last he arrives-20 minutes late. What do you say?   "You________________________________________________________''

5.  Sue said, "I can't come to the part tonight." That night you see her at the party.
What do you say to her?   ''__________________________________________________''

6.   Ann says, "I'm working tomorrow evening." Later that day she says, "Let's go out tomorrow evening.'' What do you say?   ''___________________________________________________''

                      
46.2   Now complete these sentences with said, told, or talked.

Example: Tom said that he didn't like Brian

1.   Jack_________me that he was enjoying his new job.

2.   Amy ________ it was a nice restaurant, but I didn't like it very much.

3.   The doctor _________ that I would have to rest for at least a week.

4.   Mrs. Taylor_________ us she wouldn't be able to come to the next meeting.

5.   Ann_________Tom that she was going away

6.   George couldn't help me. He_________to ask Jack

7.   At the meeting the director__________about the problems facing the company.

8.   Jill_______ us all about her trip to Japan


46.3   Now read each sentence and write a new sentence with the same meaning.

Examples:  "Listen carefully," he said to us. He told us to listen carefully
"Don't wait for me if I'm late," Ann said.
Ann said not to wait for her if she was late.

1.  ''Eat more fruit and vegetables,'' the doctor said
The doctor said____________________________________

2.   "Read the instructions before you use the machine," he said to me.
He told_______________________________________________

3.   Shut the door but don't lock it," she said to us,
She told__________________________________________________

4.   "Can you speak more slowly? I can't understand," he said to me.
He asked__________________________because ___________________________

5.   "Don't come before 6:00," I said to her.
I told______________________________________________________

Reported speech (2)

UNIT  46  Reported speech (2)

A.   It is not always necessary to change the verb when you use reported speech. If you are
reporting something and you feel that it is still true, you do not need to change the tense of the verb:

direct       Tom said, "New York is bigger than London."

reported   Tom said (that) New York is (or was) bigger than London.

direct        Ann said, "I want to go to Turkey next year.''

reported    Ann said (that) she wants (or wanted) to go to Turkey next year.

Notice that it is also correct to change the verb into the past.
But you must use a past tense when there is a difference between what was said and what is really true. Study this example situation:

You met Ann. She said, "Jim is sick.'' (direct speech)
Later that day you see Jim playing tennis and looking fine. You say:
"I'm surprised to see you playing tennis, Jim. Ann said that you were sick (not that you are sick, because he isn't sick)                      

Must, might, could, would, should, and ought stay the same in reported speech. May in
ought direct speech normally changes to might in reported speech.


B.   Say and tell.

If you say who you are talking to, use tell:

• Tom told me (that) he didn't like Brian. (not Tom said me . . .)

Otherwise use say:

• Tom said (that) he didn't like Brian (not Tom told (that) he . . . )

Also: you can't say "Tom told about his trip to Mexico''. You have to say:

• Tom told us (or me/them/Ann) about his trip to Mexico.

If you don't say who he told, you have to say:

• Tom talked (or spoke) about his trip to Mexico. (but not said about)

C.   We also use the infinitive (to do/to stay, etc.) in reported speech, especially with tell and ask (for orders and requests)

direct        ''Stay in bed for a few days," the doctor said to me.

reported     The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days.

direct          ''Don't shout," I said to Jim.

reported       I told Jim not to shout.

direct           "Please don't tell anyone what happened," Ann said to me.

reported         Ann asked me not to tell anyone what (had) happened.

direct             "Can you open the door for me, Tom?" Ann asked.

reported          Ann asked Tom to open the door for her.

Said is also possible with the infinitive:

The doctor said to stay in bed for a few days. (but not said me)

Reported speech (1) Exercises

UNIT 45  Reported speech (1) Exercises

45.1   Yesterday you ran into a friend of yours, Helen. Helen told you a lot of things. Here are some of the things she said to you:

1. I'm thinking of going to                               8. I hardly ever go out these days.
live in France.                                                  9. I work 14 hours a day

2. My father is in the hospital.                        10. I'll tell Jim I saw you.

3. Sue and Jim are getting                               11. You can come and stay with me if
married next month.                                         you are ever in Toronto.

4. I haven't seen Bill for a while.                 12. Tom had an accident last week, but he wasn't injured.

5. I've been playing tennis a lot lately.           13. I saw Jack at a party a few months ago,
                                                                        and he seemed fine
6. Barbara has had a baby.

7. I don't know what Fred is doing.

Later that day you tellanother friend what Helen said. Use reported speech.                      

1.   Helen said that she was thinking of going to live in France

2.   Helen said that _____________________________________________

3.   __________________________________________________________

4.   __________________________________________________________

5.   __________________________________________________________

6.   __________________________________________________________

7.   __________________________________________________________

8.   __________________________________________________________

9.   __________________________________________________________

10.   ___________________________________________________________

11.   ____________________________________________________________

12.   ____________________________________________________________

13.   ____________________________________________________________


45.2   In this exercise someone says something to you that is the opposite of what they said before.
You have to answer I thought you said . . .

Example: "That restaurant is expensive "I thought you said it wasn'terpensiye."

1.   "Ann is coming to the party.''   ''I thought you said she________________________________''

2.   ''Bill passed his exam.''   "I thought you said____________________________________''

3.   "Ann likes Bill.''   "I thought_____________________________________________''

4.   ''I've got many friends."   "I thought you said you_____________________________________''

5.   ''Jack and Karen are going to get married.''    ''_______________________________________''

6.   "Tom works very hard.''   ''______________________________________________________''

7.   ''I want to be rich and famous.''   ''__________________________________________________''

8.   "I'll be here next week.''    ''_____________________________________________________''

9.   "I can afford a vacation this year.''    ''_______________________________________________''

Report Speech (1)

UNIT  45  Reported speech (1)

A.   Study this example situation:

You want to tell someone else what Tom said. There are two ways of doing this:

You can repeat Tom words (direct speech)
Tom said. ''I'm feeling sick.''

or you can use reported speech:

Tom said (that) he was feeling sick.

Compare the two sentences:

direct                       Tom said, ''I am feeling sick."
reported           Tom said (that) he was feeling sick.


B.   When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past. So verbs usually change to the past in reported speech. For example:

am/is----was                    have/has-----had                        can---------could
are-----were                      will-----would           do/wantl/know------did/wanted/knew, etc.


Study these examples. You met Tom. Here are some things he said to you:

I want to go on vacation, but, I don't know where to go.

I'm going away for a few days. . I'll can you when I get back.

Ann has bought a new car.

I'm going to quit my job.

I can't come to the party on Friday.

My parents are very well.


Now you tell someone else what Tom said (in reported speech):

• Tom Said (that) his parents were very well.

• Tom said (that) he was going to quit his job.

• Tom said (that) Ann had bought a new car.

• Tom said (that) he couldn't come to the party on Friday

• Tom said (that) he wanted to go on vacation, but he didn't know where to go.

• Tom said (that) he was going away for a few days and would call me when he got back.

C.   The simple past (I did) can usually stay the same in reported speech, or you can change it
to the past perfect (I had done): did--did or had done.

direct        Tom said "I woke up feeling sick and so I stayed in bed."

reported    Tom said (that) he woke (or had woken) up feeling sick and so he stayed (or had stayed in bed.

UNIT 44 Have something done Exercises

UNIT 44 Exercises

44.1   Answer the questions in the way shown.

Example: "Did Liz make that dress herself?"  ''No, she had it made. ''

1.   "Did you cut your hair yourself?''
''No, I___________________________________________________

2.   ''Did they paint the house themselves?''
''No, they____________________________________________________

3.   ''Did Jim cut down that tree?''
''No___________________________________________________________

4.   ''Did Sue repair the car herself?''
''No___________________________________________________________


44.2   This time complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses ( . . . ) .

Examples: We are having the house painted (the house/paint) at the moment.
Did you have your hair cut (you/your hair/cut) last week?

1.   Your hair is too long. I think you should____________________________________________________ (it/up)

2.   How often____________________________________________________ (you/your car/tune up)?

3.   The engine in Tom's car couldn't be repaired, so he had to_______________________________________________________________ (a new engine/put in).

4.   __________________________________________________________________(you/your newspaper/deliver) or do you buy it yourself at the store?

5.   A: What are those workers doing in your garden?
B: Oh, I_______________________________________________________________ (a swimming pool/build)

6.   A: Can I see the pictures you took on your vacation?
B: I'm afraid not. I________________________________________________________(not the film/develop) yet.

7.   Is it true that many years ago he_________________________________________________________(his portrait/paint) by a famous artist?                       


44.3   Now read each situation and then write a sentence with have something done.


Example: Jill's coat was dirty, so she took it to the cleaners. Now it is clean. What has Jill done?
She has had her coat cleaned.

1.   Tom thinks his eyesight is getting worse, so he's going to the eye doctor. What is Tom going to do there?  He is________________________________________________________________

2.   Sue is at the beauty parlor at the moment. A hairdresser is cutting her hair. What is Sue doing?
____________________________________________________________________________

3.   Ann's watch was broken, so she took it to a jeweler. Now it's working again. What has Ann done?   ____________________________________________________________________________


44.4  Now use have something done with its second meaning.

Example: George's nose was broken in a fight. What happened to George?
He had his nose broken in a fight.

1.   John's wallet was stolen from his pocket. What happened to John? He________________________________

2.   Fred's hat was blown off by the wind. What happened to Fred? _______________________________________

3.   Carol's passport was taken from her at the police station. What happened to Carol?
___________________________________________________________________________________

Have something done

UNIT 44  Have something done

A.   Study this example situation:
The roof of Bill's house was damaged in a storm, so he arranged for a worker to repair it. Yesterday the worker came and did the job.

Bill had the roof repaired yesterday.

This means: Bill didn't repair the roof himself. He arranged for someone else to do it for him.

Compare:

• Bill repaired the roof. (= he did it himself)

• Bill had the roof repaired. (= he arranged for someone else to do it)

Now study these sentences:

• Did Ann design her business cards herself or did she have them designed?

• Are you going to repair the car yourself, or are you going to have it repaired?

To say that we arrange for someone else to do something for us, we use the structure have
something done. The word order is important: the past participle (done/repaired, etc.) comes
after the object (the roof):                       

*                              have+                     object+                     past participle                          *

Bill                          had                        the roof                            repaired                       yesterday.

Where did you       have                      your hair                           done?

We are                    having                    the house                          painted                        right now.

Tom has just           had                         a telephone                     installed                      in his house.

How often do you     have                      your car                         serviced?

Why don't you          have                      that coat                           cleaned?

I want to                     have                       my picture                        taken.


B.   Get something done" is possible instead of have something done (mainly in informal spoken
English):

• I think you should get your hair cut. (= have your hair cut)

C.   Have something done sometimes has a different meaning. For example:

• He had all his money stolen while he was on vacation.

This doesn't mean that he arranged for somebody to steal his money! "He had all his money stolen" means "All his money stolen."
With this meaning, we use have something done to say that something (often something not nice)
happened to someone: George had his nose broken in a fight. (= his nose was broken)

It is said that . . . / He is said to . . . , etc. , and supposed to Exercises

UNIT 43 It is said that . . . / He is said to . . . , etc. , and supposed to Exercises

43.1   Read the sentence and then write another sentence with the meaning.

Examples: It is believed that the wanted man is living in New York.
The wanted man is believed to be living in New York.

It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall.
The prisoner is thought to nave escaped by climbing aver the mall.

1.   It is said that many people are homeless because of the flood.
Many people are said__________________________________________________________

2.   It is known that the Governor is in favor of the new law.
The Governor___________________________________________________________________

3.   It is expected that the President willose the election.
The President___________________________________________________________________

4.   It is believed that the thieves got in through the kitchen window
The thieves______________________________________________________________________

5.   It is that she drove through the town at 90 miles an hour.
She________________________________________________________________________________

6.   It is reported that two people were seriously injured in the accident.
Two people______________________________________________________________________

7.   It is said that three men were arrested after the explosion.
Three men________________________________________________________________________                        


43.2   There are a lot of stories about Arthur, but nobody knows whether they are true. Make sentences with supposed to.

Example: People say that Arthur eats spiders. Arthur is supposed eat spiders.

1.   People say that Arthur is very rich
Arthur_________________________________________________

2.   People say that he has 22 children
He______________________________________________________

3.   People say sleeps on a of nails. He______________________________________________________

4.   People say that he inherited a lot of money. He_____________________________________________

5.   People say that he writes poetry. He_______________________________________________________



43.3   Now use supposed to with its other meaning. In each example what happens is not what is
supposed to happen. Use supposed supposed to or not supposed to with one of these verbs:
clean           come              be                smoke              call                 study                 have

Examples: Mary, you're smoking! But you know you are not supposed to smoke in this room.
Why are the windows still dirty? You were supposed to clean them.


1.   What are the children doing at home?
They_____________________________________________at school

2.   He_____________________________________________in the evenings, but he always goes out.

3.   Don't put sugar in your tea. You know you______________________________________________________sugar.

4.   Oh no! I_______________________________________________________Ann, but I completely forgot.

5.   They arrived very early at 2:00. They ________________________________________________until 3:30.

It is said that . . . / He is said to . . . , etc., and supposed to

UNIT 43  It is said that . . . / He is said to . . . ,  etc., and supposed to

A.   Study this example situation:

This is Mary. She is very old, and nobody knows exactly how old she is. But:

It is said that she is s 108 years old.

She is said to be 108 years old.

Both these sentences mean: "People say that she is 108 years old."

You can also use these structures with:
thought                          believed                       reported                     understood

known                         expected                          alleged                       considered

It is said that Mary eats ten eggs a day.          or             Mary is said to eat ten eggs a day.
 
It is believed that the wanted man is            or             The wanted man is believed to be
living in New York.                                                                 living in New York.

It is expected that the strike will begin         or            The strike is expected to begin
tomorrow.                                                                                 tomorrow.

It is alleged that he stole $100.                         or             He is alleged to have stolen $100.

It was alleged that he stole $100.                    or             He was alleged to have stolen $100.

These structures are often used in news reports:
It is reported that two people were killed   or            Two people are reported to have
in the explosion.                                                                      been killed in the explosion.                        


B.   Supposed to

Sometimes (be) supposed to means ''said to'':

• Let's go and see that movie. It's supposed to be very good. (= It is said to be very good, people say that it's very good.)

• He is supposed to have stolen 100$. (= He is said to have stolen 100$)

But sometimes supposed to has a different meaning. You can use supposed to to say what is planned or arranged and this is often different from what really happens):

• I'd better hurry. It's nearly 8:00. I'm supposed to be meeting Ann at 8:15. (= I arranged to meet Ann, I said I would meet Ann.)

• The train was supposed to arrive at 11:30, but it was 40 minutes late. (= The train should have arrived at 11:30, according to the schedule.)

• You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn't you do it?

We use not supposed to to say what is not anowed or not advisable:

• You're not supposed to park here. (= You aren't allowed to park here.)

• Mr. Jenkins is much better after his illness, but he's still not supposed to do any heavy work.

Passive (3) Exercises

UNIT 42 Passive (3) Exercises

42.1   Read the sentence and then write a new sentence with the same meaning. Begin in the way shown each time.

Example: They didn't offer Ann the job. Ann wasn't offered the job.

1.   They don't pay Jim very much.
Jim______________________________________________________

2.   They will ask you a lot of questions at the interview.
You_______________________________________________________________

3.   Nobody told me that Liz was sick.
I___________________________________________________________________

4.   His colleagues gave him a present when he retired.
He________________________________________________________________

5.   We will send you your exam results as soon as they are ready.
You________________________________________________________________

6.   They didn't ask me my name.
I___________________________________________________________________

7.   I think they should have offered Tom the job
I think Tom_______________________________________________________________


42.2   When were these famous people born? Choose the right year for each person:

1889                      1770                              1452                         1564                             1870

1. Lenin was born in 1870                                             4. Charlie Chaplin______________________________

2. Shakespeare______________________________________           5. Beethoven____________________________________
                                                                                          
3. Leonardo da Vinci______________________________             6. And you? I_____________________________________


42.3   Complete the sentences. Each time use being with one of these verbs:

Keep            pay              attack            give               invite             use                ask
Example: Mr. Miller doesn't like being kept waiting

1.   He came to the party without____________________________________________________

2.   She won't go out alone after dark. She is afraid of_________________________________________________

3.   I don't like___________________________________________________stupid questions.

4.   Few people are prepared to work without__________________________________________________

5.   Ms. Kelly doesn't like her phone____________________________________________by other people

6.   Most people like______________________________________________________presents


42.4   Complete the sentences. Make a passive sentence with get and one of these verbs:

break                sting                 use                  damage              hurt                    steal

Example: There was a fight at the party, but nobody got hurt

1.   Ted _________________________ by a bee while he was sitting in the garden

2.   How did that window____________________________________?

3.   Did any of these houses________________________________ in the storm last night?

4.   These tennis courts don't__________________________________ often. Not many people want to play.

5.   I used to have a bicycle, but it _______________________________________________

Passive (3)

UNIT 42  Passive (3)

A.   Some verbs can have two objects. For example, offer:

• They didn't offer Ann the job (the two objects are and Ann and the job)

So it is possible to make two different passive sentences:

• Ann wasn't offered the job.

• The job wasn't offered to Ann.

It is more usual for the passive sentence to begin with the person.
Other verbs like offer that can have two objects are:

ask          tell          give          send            show           teach                pay

Here are some examples of passive sentences with these verbs:

• I was given two hours to make my decision. (= they gave me two hours)

• The men were paid $1500 to do the job. (= someone paid the men $1500)

• Have you been shown the new machine. (= has anyone shown you the new machine?)

B.   Born: Remember that be born is a passive verb and is usually past:

• Where were you born? (not are you born)       }simple past 

• I was born in Chicago. (not I am born)               }simple past

• How many babies are born in this hospital every day? -simple present                       

C.   The passive -ing from is being done/ being cleaned, etc. :
Active: I don't like people telling me what to do. 
Passive: I don't like being told what do.

• I remember being given a toy drum on my fifth birthday. (= I remember someone giving me . . . )

• Hurry up! You know Mr. Miller hates being kept waiting. (= he hates people keeping him waiting)

• She climbed over the wall being seen(= without being seen without anyone seeing her)

D.   Sometimes you can use get instead of be in the passive:

• There was a fight at the party, but nobody got hurt (= nobody was hurt)

• Did Ann get from her new job? (= was Ann from her new job?)

You can use get in the passive to say that something happens to someone or something.
Often the action is not planned; it happens by chance:

• The dog got run over by a car. (= the dog was run over)

In other types of situation get is not usually possible:

• George is liked by everyone (not gets liked)

Get is used mainly in informal spoken English. You can use be in all situations.

Pasive (2) (Present and Past tenses) Exercises

UNIT 41   Pasive (2) (Present and Past tenses)  Exercises

41.1   Read the sentence and then write another sentence with the same meaning. Begin each sentence as shown.

Examples: Somebody stole my bag in the store. My bag was stolen in the store.

The police have arrested three men. Three men have been arrested by the police.

1.   The bill includes service.
Service__________________________________________________in the bill.

2.   People don't use this road very often.
This road_______________________________________________________________

3.   They canceled all flights because fog.
All flights_______________________________________________________________

4.   Somebody accused me of stealing the money.
I _________________________________________________________________________

5.   They are building a new shopping center downtown.
A new shopping center________________________________________________________________
 
6.   I didn't that someone was recording our conversation.
I didn't realize that our conversation______________________________________________________________

7.   They have changed the date of the meeting.
The date of the meeting______________________________________________________________________________

8.   Brian told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the street.
Brian told me that he________________________________________________________________________


41.2   Make a passive sentence from the words in parentheses ( . . . ) .
Examples: That building looks very old. (when/it/build?) When was it built?
A: Is Margaret popular?
B: Yes, (she/like/by everybody) she is liked by everybody.

1.   This is a very popular television program (every week it/watch/by millions of people)
Every week it__________________________________________________________

2.   What happens to the cars produced in this factory?
(most of them/export?)_________________________________________________________________________________

3.   A: Was there any trouble at the demonstration?
B: Yes. (about 20 people/arrest)________________________________________________________________________

4.   A: There is no longer military service in Britain.
B: Really? (when/it/abolish?)___________________________________________________________________________

5.   A: Did anybody call an ambulance to the scene of the accident?
B: Yes. (but nobody/injure/so it/not/need)____________________________________________________________

6.   A: Last night someone broke into our house.
B: Oh no! (anything/take?)________________________________________________________________________________

7.   Mr. Kelly can't use his office now.
(it/redecorate)______________________________________________________________________________________________

8.   Linda didn't have her car yesterday.
(it/tune-up/at the garage)_________________________________________________________________________________

9.   Where's my bicycle? It's gone!
(it/steal)________________________________________________________________________________

10.   he people next door disappeared six months ago.
(they/not/see/ since then)__________________________________________________________________________________

11.   This room looks different.
(it/paint/since I was last here?)____________________________________________________________________________

12.   A trre was lying across the road.
(it/blow/down in the storm)________________________________________________________________________________

Passive (2) (present and past tenses)

UNIT 40   Passive (2) (present and past tenses)

These are the passive forms of the present and past tenses:

 
Simple present         am/is are + done/cleaned, etc.

Active: Somebody cleans this room every day

Passive: This room is cleaned every day

• Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving.

• I'm not often invited to parties

• How many people are injured in car accidents every day?

 
 Simple past        was/were + done/cleaned, etc

Active: Somebody cleaned this room yesterday

Passive: This room was cleaned yesterday.

• During the night we were all woken up by a loud explosion.

• When was that castle built?

• The house wasn't damaged in the storm, but a tree was blown down.

 
Present continuous        am/is/are being + done/cleaned, etc.

Active: Somebody is cleaning the room right now.

Passive: The room is being cleaned right now.

• Look at those old houses! They are being knocked down.

• (shop assistant to customer) Are you being helped, ma'am?                         

Past continuous           was/were being + done/cleaned, etc.

Active: Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived.

Passive: The room was being cleaned when I arrived.

• Suddenly I heard footsteps behind me. We were being followed.

Present perfect         have/has been + done/cleaned, etc.

Active: The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned it.

Passive: The room looks nice. It has been cleaned.

• Have you heard the news? The President has been shot.

• Have you ever been bitten by a dog?

• I'm not going to the party. I haven't been invited.

 
Past perfect      had been + done/cleaned, etc.

Active: The room looked much better. Somebody had cleaned it

Passive: The room looked much better. It had been cleaned.

• Jim didn't know about the change of plans. He hadn't been told.

Passive (1) (be done/ have been done) Exercises

UNIT 40 Passive (1) (be done/ have been done) Exercises

 
40.1   Complete these sentences with one of the following verbs (in the correct form):

translate     find       drive        arrest       wake        knock         make       spend      hear      carry

Example: The music at the party was very loud and could be heard from far away

1.   A decision will not__________________until the next meeting.

2.   That building is dangerous. It ought to _________________down before it falls down.

3.   When you go through Customs, your luggage may______________________by a customs officer.

4.   I told the hotel receptionist that I wanted to _________________ up at 6:30.

5.   Her new book will probably ___________________ into a number of foreign languages.

6.   If you klcked a officer, you'd______________

7.   The police are looking for the missing boy. He can't_______________ anywhere.

8.   Do you think that less money should_________________on the military?

9.   The injured woman couldn't walk and had to_________________

10.   I don't mind driving, but I prefer to____________________by other people


40.2   Complete the sentences. This time use these verbs:
must                      should                       shouldn't                        might                       would

Example: Did anyone clean the windows?
No. They should have been cleaned but they weren't.

1.    A: Did anyone invite Ann to the party?
       B: I don't know. She________________________________-I'm not sure.

2.   A: Did anyone see you?
       B: No, but I________________________________if it hadn't been so dark

3.   A: Has someone fixed this machine?
      B: Well, it's working again so it___________________________________________

4.   A: someone throw those letters away?
       B: Yes, but it was a mistake. They___________________________________________________

                       
40.3   Read the sentence and write another sentence with the same meaning.

Example: We can solve the problem.      The problem can be salved

1.   People should send their complaints to the main office.
Complaints________________________________________________________

2.   They had to postpone the meeting because of illness.
The meeting_______________________________________________________

3.   Somebody might have stolen your car if you had left the keys in it.
Your car____________________________________________________________

4.   A short circuit could have caused the fire.
The fire_____________________________________________________________

5.   They are going to hold next year's convention in San Francisco.
Next year's convention______________________________________________________________

6.   They shouldn't have played the soccer match in such bad weather.
The soccer match______________________________________________________________________

Passive (1) (be done/have been done)

UNIT 40  Passive (1) (be done/have been done)

A.   Active and passive study this example:

This house was built in 1920.

This is a passive sentence. Compare:

Somebody built this house in 1920. (active)

This house was built in 1920. (passive)

We ofte prefer the passive when it is not so important who or what did the action. In this example, it is not so important (or not known) who built the house.

In a passive sentence, if you want to say who did or what caused the action, use by:

• This house was built by my grandfather. (= my grandfather built it)

• Have you ever been bitten by a dog? (= Has a dog ever bitten you?)

B.   In passive sentences we use the correct form of be (is/are/was/were/has been, etc.) the past participle:
(be) done            (be) cleaned               (be) damaged                    (be) built                     (be) seen

C.   We use the base form ( . . .be done, be cleaned, be built, etc.) after modal verbs (will, can, must, etc) and some other verbs ( for example: have to, be going to, want to) Compare:

Active: We can solve   (this problem)

Passive: (This problem) can be solved.

• The new hotel will be opened next year.

• George might be sent to Venezuela by his company in August.

• The music at the party was very loud and could be heard from far away. 

• This room is going to be painted next week.

• Go away! I want to be left alone.

D.   There is a past form after modal verbs: have been done/have been cleaned, etc:

Active: Somebody should have cleaned (the windows) yesterday.

Passive: (The windows) should have been cleaned yesterday.

• My bicycle has disappeared. It must have been stolen.

• She wouldn't have been injured if she had been wearing a seat belt.

• The weather was terrible. The tennis match should have been canceled.

Unless, As long as, and Provided/Providing

UNIT 39  Unless, As long as, and Provided/Providing  Exercises

39.1   Read the sentence and then write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use unless.

Example: You have to study more or you won't pass the exam.
You won't pass the exam unless you study more
1.   You should listen carefully or you won't know what to do.
You won't know what to do_______________________________________________________

2.   We have to hurry or we'll miss the train
We'll _________________________________________________________________________________

3.   You have to speak very slowly or he won't be able to understand you.
He_____________________________________________________________________________________

4.   I have to get a raise or I'll look for another job.
________________________________________________________________________________________

5.   She has to apologize to me or won't forgive her,
________________________________________________________________________________________


39.2   Read the sentence with only if and then write a new sentence with unless.

Example: Joe can hear only if you shout. Joe can't hear unless you shout.

1.   I'm going to the only if you go too.  I'm not going to the party ________________________________________

2.   You are allowed into the club only if you are a member. You're not___________________________________

3.   The dog will attack you only if you move. The dog______________________________________________________

4.   She'll speak to you only if you ask her a question. She__________________________________________________
                        

39.3   Choose the correct word or expression for each sentence.

Example: You can use my car  /as long as/unless/   you drive carefully.  (''as long as" is correct)

1.   I'm playing tennis tomorrow   /providing/unless/   it rains.

2.   We're going to start painting the house tomorrow   /provided/unless/   it's not raining.

3.   You can smoke in here   /as long as/unless/   you leave a window open to let the smoke out.

4.   George doesn't trust anyone. He won't lend you any money  /as long as/unless/ you promise in writing to pay him back.

5.   The children can stay here  /unless/providing/ they don't make too much noise.

6.   I'm going now  /provided/unless/  you want me to stay.

7.   I can't understand why he's late,  /unless/as long as/   he didn't get our message.

Unless, As long as, and Provided/Providing (that)

UNIT 39  Unless, as long as, and provided/providing (that)

A.   Unless
Study this example situation:
Joe is always listening to music lf you speak to him normally, he can't hear you. If you want him to hear you, you have to shout.

Joe can't hear unless you shout.
This means: "Joe can hear only if you shout," Unless means except if. We use unless to make an exception to something we say.

Here are some more examples of unless:

• Don't tell Ann what I said unless she asks you. (= except if she asks you)
   
• I'll come tomorrow unless I have to work. (= except if I have to work)

• I wouldn't eat between meals unless I were extremely hungry. (= except if I were extremely hungry)

We often use unless in warnings:

• We'll be late unless we hurry. (= except if we hurry)

• Unless you work harder, you're not going to pass the exam (= except if you work harder) 

•  The thief said he would hit me unless I told him where the money was. (= except if I told him)

Instead of unless it is possible to say if . . . not:

• Don't tell Ann what I said if she doesn't ask you.

• We'll be late if we don't hurry.

                        
B.   As long as     provided (that)      providing (that)
These expressions mean but only if:

• You can use my car as long as (or so long as) you drive carefully. (= but only if you drive carefully)

• Traveling by car is convenient provided (that) you have somewhere to park. (= but only if you have somewhere to park)

• Providing (that) she studies hard, she should pass the exam. (= but obly if she studies hard)

C.   When you are talking about the future, do not use will with unless, as long as, provided, or providing. Use a present tense:

• We'll be late unless we hurry. (not unless we will hurry)

• Providing she studies hard (not providing she will study)